Fluorinated Gases for Heating and Cooling: Types, Environmental Impacts, and Regulations

Fluorinated gases are gaseous chemical compounds containing fluorine, carbon, and sometimes other elements like chlorine, hydrogen, or bromine. They are commonly used as refrigerants. These refrigerant gases can also be known as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).

However, many of these substances have been identified as responsible for ozone layer depletion and climate change, and have therefore been progressively replaced by less harmful alternatives. The European Union, through specific regulations, is reducing the use of these gases to meet the climate goals of the European Green Deal and the ‘Fit for 55’ package, which aims for a 55% reduction in emissions by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050.

What Types of Refrigerant Gases Exist?

There are several types of refrigerant gases available, but the main ones are as follows:

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): These refrigerant gases were very popular in the 1980s but have been gradually phased out due to their negative impact on the environment, as they are known to damage the ozone layer.
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): These refrigerant gases were used as alternatives to CFCs because they are less harmful to the ozone layer. However, they have also been progressively phased out due to their environmental impact.
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): These refrigerant gases are one of the most common alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs, but they have a high global warming potential and are also being gradually replaced by more sustainable alternatives.
• Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs): These refrigerant gases are a new generation of refrigerants that are less harmful to the environment compared to previous refrigerant gases. HFOs are more energy-efficient and have a very low global warming potential.
• Ammonia (NH3): This refrigerant gas is a natural alternative to synthetic gases, is eco-friendly, and does not damage the ozone layer. However, ammonia is toxic and must be handled with care.
• Propane (R290) and Isobutane (R600a): These refrigerant gases are also natural alternatives to synthetic gases and have a low environmental impact. However, they are highly flammable and require safe handling.

Commercial Names of Refrigerant Gases

There are many commercial names for refrigerant gases, as different manufacturers may market them under different names. Below are some of the most common commercial names for the main types of refrigerant gases:

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Freon, Arcton, Frigen, Isotron
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): Genetron, Freon, Isceon
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): Puron, Genetron, Freon, Forane
• Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs): Opteon, Solstice, Enovate, Performax
• Ammonia (NH3): R717, Anhydrous ammonia
• Propane (R290): Care 40, R290, Chillquick, Klea 35
• Isobutane (R600a): R600a, Isobutane, Care 10

Remember that these commercial names may vary based on geographical region and manufacturer, and it is important to select the right refrigerant gas for your cooling system based on the manufacturer’s specifications and local regulations.

Refrigerant Gases in Italy

In Italy, the purchase and handling of refrigerant gases are regulated by specific regulations to reduce environmental impact and ensure safety. To obtain refrigerant gases in Italy, it is necessary to:

1. Hold a training certificate: To purchase and handle refrigerant gases, it is necessary to hold a training certificate issued by an accredited body. This certificate demonstrates that you have been trained in the techniques of handling, maintenance, and disposal of refrigerant gases.
2. Purchase from an authorized supplier: Refrigerant gases must be purchased from an authorized supplier who can demonstrate compliance with national and European regulations. Additionally, authorized suppliers are required to collect and dispose of spent refrigerant gases safely and ecologically.
3. Use appropriate equipment: Handling refrigerant gases requires the use of specialized equipment, such as pumps, hoses, cylinders, and valves. It is important to use only certified equipment that complies with regulations to ensure safety and prevent any refrigerant gas leaks.
4. Comply with environmental regulations: The use of refrigerant gases is regulated by national and European regulations, such as the European Union’s F-Gas Regulation. It is important to comply with these regulations to reduce the environmental impact of refrigerant gases and ensure the safety of personnel and the public.

In summary, to obtain refrigerant gases in Italy, it is necessary to hold a training certificate, purchase from an authorized supplier, use appropriate equipment, and comply with environmental regulations.