Refrigerant Gases Guide: Types & Safety

Refrigerant gases guide: these gaseous chemical compounds, containing fluorine, carbon, and other elements, are widely used as refrigerants in various applications. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are some common examples. However, their environmental impact has prompted the search for safer alternatives.

However, many of these substances have been identified as responsible for ozone layer depletion and climate change, and have therefore been progressively replaced by less harmful alternatives. The European Union, through specific regulations, is reducing the use of these gases to meet the climate goals of the European Green Deal and the ‘Fit for 55’ package, which aims for a 55% reduction in emissions by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050.

What Types of Refrigerants Exist?

There are several types of refrigerant gases available, but the main ones are as follows:

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): These refrigerant gases were very popular in the 1980s but have been gradually phased out due to their negative impact on the environment, as they are known to damage the ozone layer.
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): These refrigerant gases were used as alternatives to CFCs because they are less harmful to the ozone layer. However, they have also been progressively phased out due to their environmental impact.
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): These refrigerant gases are one of the most common alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs, but they have a high global warming potential and are also being gradually replaced by more sustainable alternatives.
• Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs): These refrigerant gases are a new generation of refrigerants that are less harmful to the environment compared to previous refrigerant gases. HFOs are more energy-efficient and have a very low global warming potential.
• Ammonia (NH3): This refrigerant gas is a natural alternative to synthetic gases, is eco-friendly, and does not damage the ozone layer. However, ammonia is toxic and must be handled with care.
• Propane (R290) and Isobutane (R600a): These refrigerant gases are also natural alternatives to synthetic gases and have a low environmental impact. However, they are highly flammable and require safe handling.

Commercial Names of Refrigerant Gases

There are many commercial names for refrigerant gases, as different manufacturers may market them under different names. Below are some of the most common commercial names for the main types of refrigerant gases:

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Freon, Arcton, Frigen, Isotron
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): Genetron, Freon, Isceon
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): Puron, Genetron, Freon, Forane
• Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs): Opteon, Solstice, Enovate, Performax
• Ammonia (NH3): R717, Anhydrous ammonia
• Propane (R290): Care 40, R290, Chillquick, Klea 35
• Isobutane (R600a): R600a, Isobutane, Care 10

Remember that these commercial names may vary based on geographical region and manufacturer, and it is important to select the right refrigerant gas for your cooling system based on the manufacturer’s specifications and local regulations.

Refrigerant Gases Regulations in the United States

In the United States, the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act (AIM Act) grants the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) authority to regulate hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by gradually phasing down their production and consumption. This initiative promotes the transition to more sustainable technologies.

Starting in January 2024, the EPA has banned the use of several refrigerants with high Global Warming Potential (GWP), including R134a, R410A, and R407C, in new refrigeration systems. Furthermore, the EPA has implemented a plan to reduce HFC emissions by 85% by 2035, aligning with the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which aims to limit the global use of these gases.

To handle refrigerant gases in the United States, the following requirements must be met:

• Certification: The EPA mandates that technicians obtain a specific certification for the safe handling of refrigerants.
• Authorized Suppliers: Refrigerants must be purchased from authorized distributors who comply with federal and state regulations.
• Proper Equipment: Certified tools and equipment must be used to ensure safety and prevent gas leaks.
• Compliance with Environmental Laws: The use of refrigerants is regulated by federal and state laws aimed at reducing environmental impact and ensuring public safety.

In summary, obtaining and handling refrigerant gases in the United States requires proper certification, purchasing from authorized suppliers, using compliant equipment, and adhering to environmental regulations.

Refrigerant Gases Regulations in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the management of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) is regulated under the Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Regulations 2015, which align with the European Union’s F-gas Regulation (EU) No 517/2014. These regulations aim to reduce emissions of F-gases and mitigate their environmental impact.

Key requirements include:

• Certification: Individuals and companies involved in the installation, maintenance, or servicing of equipment containing F-gases must hold appropriate certifications.
• Leak Checks: Regular leak checks are mandatory for equipment containing F-gases, with intervals depending on the gas charge and potential environmental impact.
• Record-Keeping: Accurate records of the type and quantity of F-gases used, as well as details of any maintenance and leak checks, must be maintained.
• Gas Recovery: During servicing or disposal of equipment, F-gases must be recovered to prevent emissions into the atmosphere.
• Penalties for Non-Compliance: Failure to adhere to these regulations can result in significant fines and other penalties.

Professionals in the refrigeration, air conditioning, and heating sectors must stay informed about these regulations to ensure compliance and contribute to environmental sustainability.